Amiga Collections: MegaDisc/MegaDisc 04 (1988)(MegaDisc Digital Publishing)(AU)[m][WB].zip/MegaDisc 04 (1988)(MegaDisc Digital Publishing)(AU)[m][WB].adf/CALCULATOR/CALC.manual

Text File | 2007-12-01 | 23KB | 542 lines

    R.P.N. CALCULATOR "CALC"          for the AMIGA (512 K) KEITH NEIGBOUR
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------


    From Amiga Basic type in RUN "Megadisc4:Calculator/CALC"      and ENTER.
    ( or click on "CALC" icon from Megadisc4 )






    GENERAL DESCRIPTION
    -------------------

    This program "converts" the computer into a powerful and versatile
    R.P.N. (Reverse Polish Notation) calculator, with an automatic four
    register (4 memories) Stack, 10 sets of ten general Stores (100
    memories) and other special Stores such as memories for Summations,
    Last X and Last Y etc.

    In addition to the four basic arithmetic functions, the calculator
    currently provides over 70 key functions, and operations.

    All conditions are displayed i.e. the Input, the Stack, (the Stores,
    if in the Display mode), the function, and where appropriate, comment
    or a message, and also the "working effect" of the function operation
    on the Stack and Stores.

    The calculator carries out all calculations in Double Precision (16
    figure accuracy). The number handling capacity of the calculator is
    from 9.9D-307 to 9.9D+307.

    Numbers can be entered in Decimal format or Scientific Notation or as
    Hexadecimal numbers and even as Octal or Binary numbers. This is
    explained in detail under SPECIAL KEYS AND FUNCTIONS.

    Generally, the operation of the Calculator functions is carried out by
    clicking the Left Mouse button with the Mouse arrow over the
    appropriate key or area.

    Alternatively certain screen key functions can also be activated by
    pressing appropriate keys on the computer key-board.

    In all cases, whether from the screen or the keyboard, when a key is
    selected, the particular screen key box surround color will change from
    white to red, to confirm that it has been successfully activated.

    Briefly, REVERSE POLISH NOTATION, for a simple arithmetic operation
    (as an example), requires you to "lay down" two numbers (X and Y)
    BEFORE instructing the calculator to add, deduct, multiply or
    divide the two numbers. This differs from ordinary calculators, where
    one number is entered, then the command to add or deduct etc. and then
    the second number. R.P.N. is explained in more detail under "REVERSE
    POLISH NOTATION".

    The key pads shown on the screen display are activated by clicking the
    left mouse button once, when the mouse arrow tip is within the small
    rectangle framing a particular key.




    THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SCREEN KEYS, AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 1 (below), ARE AS
    FOLLOWS:


            NUMERIC KEY PAD  (Top Left Group)
            ---------------
            Digits 0 to 9 and the Decimal point are used to "construct"
            the number X in the normal way. The number will be displayed,
            progressively above the numeric Key Pad (INPUT DISPLAY BOX)
            and also in the X Register on the right hand side of the
            screen.

    /       Divide the value in the Y Register by the value in the X
            Register.

    *       Multiply the two values in the Y and X Registers.

    -       Deduct, from the value in the Y Register, the value in the X
            Register.

    +       Add the two values in the Y and X Registers.

            All of the four above operations will cause a "Stack Drop".
            (This is explained in detail later under REVERSED POLISH
            NOTATION).

    ENT     ENTER.  The X value is duplicated into the Y Register causing
            a "Stack Lift". That is, the Y value is transferred into the Z
            Register and the Z value is transferred into the T Register.
            The T value is "lost over the top".



    The functions of the 16 keys in the screen Numeric key pad (within the
    red boundary) can also be activated by the equivalent keys on the
    computer key-board. Furthermore mixed-use is permitted. That is a
    number can be partly keyed in from the screen Numric Keys and partly
    from the computer keyboard.



    C1X     Clears (deletes) the number X.

    CSk     Clears the Register Stack (X, Y, Z & T)
            ( but NOT Last X or Y ).

    CSt     Clear the current STORES Set.

    Inv     Inverts the Stack (X, Y, Z, T to T, Z, Y, X).

    ChS     Changes the sign of X (+ to - or - to +).

    Sk  /\  Rolls the Stack UP (in a Loop).

    Sk  \/  Rolls the Stack DOWN (in a Loop).

    StS     Stores the value of X in a nominated Store S0 to S9 in the
            current Store Set. After clicking on this key, click on the
            chosen Store (S0 to S9). (A prompt will appear in the top
            centre Remark Box).

    RcS     Recalls the value in the nominated store and transfers it into
            the X Register.
            (This causes a "Stack Lift").
            After clicking on this key, click the appropriate Store number
            as for StS.

    SAr     Store Arithmetic. This allows the value in the chosen store to
            be multiplied by X, or divided by X, or added to X, or to have
            X deducted from it. After clicking on this key, click
            appropriate Store number as for StS, and then click the /, *,
            - or + key, as required.

    Exc     Exchanges the values of the X and Y Registers.

    LsX     Recalls the value of the "Last X" (shown in the bottom right
            box on the screen) into the X Register.
            (This causes a Stack Lift).

    LsY     Recalls the value of "Last Y" (as for LsX).

    SXS     Swaps the values in the X Register and in the chosen Store.
            After clicking on this key, click appropriate Store number as
            for StS.

    SYS     Swaps Y with a Store as for SXS.

    RdX     Round the decimal component of X (if any) to a specified
            number of places. After clicking on this key, you will be
            prompted to "Key No. & ENTER". Click the digit(s) for the
            required number of decimal places e.g. 3 or 10. The number
            will appear in the Comment Box (see the "undo" function).
            When correct, click on ENT.
            This is a one-off operation.

    RdF     Rounds and Fixes (until cancelled) the number of decimal
            places for all future calculations. Activate RdF as for RdX.
            To stop rounding click on RdF a second time. This is a
            "toggle" key. When it is ON a small red dot is displayed on
            the key.

    D>F     Converts a decimal value to an equivalent fraction. If it is
            not an exact fraction, it will produce an equivalent fraction
            value within the accuracy limits of the computer. The
            Numerator will be displayed in the Z Register and the
            Denominator in the Y Register.

    Abs     Converts the value of X to its absolute value, that is, the
            sign attributed to the number is removed.

    Rn#     Generates a Random Number. After clicking on this key you will
            be prompted to "Key No. & ENTER". Click the digit(s) for the
            upper limit random number required. (e.g. 10, 99,1000 etc.)
            A random number between 1 and the upper limit, will then be
            transferred into the X Register causing a Stack Lift.

    Lge     The "natural" Logarithm (Log. Base e) X will be substituted
            for the original value of X, in the X Register.

    Lgt     As for Lge, but the Base 10 Logarithm.

    ALe     Subtitutes the Anti-log (Base e) value for the number in the X
            Register. (This is the Exponential number of X).

    ALt     Substitutes the Anti-log (Base 10) of X for X in the X
            Register.

    NOTE    that for the Trigonometric Pad, (the seven Trig Keys enclosed
            in a red border), the current "Angles mode" of the calculator
            must be taken into account. This is displayed under the
            Numeric Key Pad as "Deg Mode" or "Rad Mode". The mode can be
            toggled as Degrees or Radians, by clicking on the Deg or Rad
            box.

    Sin     Substitues the Sine of X for the original value of X in the X
            Register.

    Cos     Cosine X (as for Sine).

    Tan     Tangent X (as for Sine).

    ASn     Arc Sine X (as for Sine).

    ACS     Arc Cosine X (as for Sine).

    ATn     Arc Tangent X (as for Sine).

    Hyp     Clicking on this key and then clicking on any one of the six
            above keys will carry out a Hyerbolic Trigonometric function.
            (This is a "one-off" key operation, i.e. each time it is
            required, the Hyp key must be clicked before the appropriate
            trig key).

    Sqr     Substitutes the square of X in the X Register.

    SRt     Substitutes the square root of X for X in the X Register.

    Fib     Calculates a Fibonacci Series to an upper designated number.
            After clicking on this key, you will be prompted to "Key No.
            & ENTER". A Stack Lift occurs. Click the digits for the
            required number. (The highest number which can be calculated
            is 1475 ... this is a long calculation!). You will be
            reminded if you try a higher number.

    Fac     Calculates the Factorial value of a number up to a limit of
            170. Keying is the same proceedure as for Fib.

    Y X     Raises Y to the power of X.
            This causes a Stack Drop.

    InD     Integer Division ... giving the Integer value of Y divided
            by X.
            This causes a Stack Drop.

    Pi      Tranfers the value of Pi into the X Register.
            This will cause a Stack Lift.

    Sci     To enter a number in scientific notation (e.g. 1.123456789D16)
            first click on Sci, and then simply construct the number in
            this form, either from the screen keys of from the keyboard
            (the D or E will have to be activated from the keyboard).

    Int     Substitutes the Integer value of X for X in the X Register.

    Frc     Substitutes the Decimal component of X for X in the X
            Register.

    Rec     Substitutes the Reciprocal of X (1 divided by X) for X in the
            X Register.

    >H.     Converts Hours (or Degrees), minutes and seconds to Decimal
            Hours (or Decimal Degrees). The digits MUST be keyed in this
            format BEFORE clicking >.H.
                  Hours (or Degrees) e.g.  14 (or 269).
                  A Decimal point.
                  2 Digits of minutes e.g.  06 or 57
                  2 Digits of seconds e.g.  09 or 43638
                  (plus other Digits for decimal seconds if required)
            Clicking >.H substitutes Decimal Hours (or Degrees) for
            the above in the X Register.

    H.>     Converts Decimal Hours (or Degrees) e.g.  9.374659 or
            173.41237, to Hours (or Degrees) minutes and seconds (in the
            format described for >.H input), which is substituted in the X
            Register.

    D>R     Substitutes an equivalent Radians value of X in Degrees, in
            the X Register. This also puts the calculator into Rad Mode
            until the mode is changed.

    R>D     Substitutes an equivalent Degrees value of X in Radians, in
            the X Register. This also puts the calculator in Deg. Mode
            until the mode is changed.

    Per     Calculates the Permutation Y p X using the values in the X and
            Y Registers in the sense of "X things taken Y at a time".
            The result is substituted in the X Register.
            This causes a Stack Drop.

    Com     Calculates the Combination YcX in a procedure similar to Per.

    R>P     Rectangular co-ordinates to Polar. The Y co-ord. and the X
            co-ord. (pos. or neg.) are first positioned in the Y and X
            Registers. Clicking R>P will then substitute the Angle in the
            Y Register and the Radius in the X Register.

    P>R     Polar to Rectangular Co-ordinates. The angle in the current
            Mode (equivalent to 0 to 180° positive or negative) and the
            Radius are first positioned in the Y and X Registers, clicking
            P>R will then substitute the Y and X co-ordinates in the Y and
            X Registers.

    X%Y     Calculates X as a % of Y. The result is substituted in the X
            Register leaving Y intact.

    %Df     % Difference between X and Y. Express the relative increase
            (+) or decrease (-) of X compared with Y. The Base number Y
            is left intact.

    Su+     The Summation functions (Su+, SU-, MAv, DEV) use the values of
            pairs of data positioned in the Y and X Registers to
            progressively record the sums of X, X², Y, Y², X*Y and the
            number of pairs of data, in special stores. After each pair is
            positioned, click SU+.

    Su-     If an incorrect data pair has already been summed with Su+,
            position this data pair in Y and X and click Su- to remove
            from the summation.

    MAv     Calculates the Mean Average of the X values and substitutes it
            in the X Register, and calculates the Mean Average of the Y
            values and substitutes it in the Y Register.

    Dev     Calculates the Standard Deviation from the Mean of X and Y and
            substitutes it in the X and Y Registers.


    WARNING:   When using the SUMMING functions, use CSt (Clear Stores)
               in between different summing exercises. This will clear all
               current Stores.


    Hex     This turns on a Hexadecimal conversion facility of the X
            value. The equivalent Hex value of the Integer of X is
            displayed below the X Register in a special box.
            This continues until the Hex key is clicked again. This is a
            toggle key. When it is on a small red dot is displayed on the
            key.

    Oct     This turns on an Octal conversion facility of the X value. It
            is similar in operation to Hex.
            This is a toggle key.

    Bin     This turns on a Binary conversion facility of the X value. It
            is similar in operation to Hex.
            This is a toggle key.
            If the Binary string is too long to be displayed (more than
            24 characters) a comment will be shown, and the conversion
            will be ignored.

    PtX     This will print out the X Register value, the Hex equivalent
            (if the Hex is ON) and the current Remark. (First make sure
            that the Printer is ON!).
            This is a one-off operation.

    Apr     Auto Print Out. This will print out the information described
            under PtX, progressively, until it is turned off, by clicking
            on Apr a second time.
            This is a toggle key.




    REVERSE POLISH NOTATION
    -----------------------

    Four Registers (memories) form an automatic Register Stack. These are
    labelled X, Y, Z and T, and are "Stacked" one on top of the other,
    with the performing Stack X at the bottom in a window.




    STACK LIFT:
    -----------
    A number is keyed into the X Register by progressively clicking on
    Digit Keys.

    When you do something else, by clicking on another non-digit key, it
    is assumed that the number is complete in the X Register. If ENT is
    clicked the value in the X Register is duplicated into the Y Register
    (and Y into T and T into Z). This is a manual Stack Lift.

    However if arithmetic involving X is to be performed (+, -, *, /)
    firstly key in the second number and ENT, which will "lift" the Stack.
    That is, T is lost over the top, Z lifts into T, Y lifts into Z, X (the
    first number) lifts into Y, and the second number will occupy X.



    STACK DROP:
    -----------
    Any arithmetic function will operate as: Y (function) X (e.g. Y/X).
    The result will appear in the X Register and the Stack will "drop".
    That is, Z will appear in the Y Register replacing the old Y, and T
    will duplicate itself in the Z Register.

    With the exception of functions such as Y^X which use X and Y as in
    the above arithmetic functions, most codes will operate on X alone.
    For example, keying Lgt will change the number in X to Log 10 X, or Pi
    will place the value Pi in the X Register and cause an automatic Stack
    Lift. Other operations which use both X and Y are described in the key
    listings.

    Generally a keyed in function overwrites the value in X with the new
    value, as the function operates upon X. Exceptions are LsX, Pi, RcS
    (Recall value in Store n), and Rn# (Random Number 1 to n), each of
    which causes a Stack Lift.

    "Last X" and "Last Y" (before the last operation) are retained in
    special Stores and can be recalled into Register X by keying LsX or
    LsY.

    Generally a number-set keyed in after a keyed in function will cause a
    Stack Lift. Exceptions occur when the previous function was C1X
    (Clear X), or ENT when used to duplicate X into Y. In these cases the
    new number will overwrite the value in X. X values can be stored in
    the STORES, S1 to S10 and recalled into the Stack X Register. Store
    arithmetic can be performed on the values in the STORES, e.g. SAr then
    S3 then + which will add the values in the Stack Register X to the
    value already in STORE S3. The value in X remains the same.

    Hierarchical operational priorities and the establishment of a
    required order of operational priorities by use of parentheses, as used
    in algebraic Calculators (and computers) is not necessary with R.P.N.
    It is handled by STACK manipulation, and what is more you can see it
    all happening.

    If you are not familiar with R.P.N., this program will literally teach
    you how to use Reverse Polish Notation while you use it.



    SPECIAL KEYS AND FUNCTIONS
    --------------------------

    BSp     Backspace ... this operates like a normal Backspace key when a
            number is being constructed, either from the screen or the
            keyboard,  stripping the last digit from the number (Backspace
            on the keyboard is NOT an alternative in this case). However
            once the number has been completed, that is, another key action
            has occured it cannot be used. (Use C1X and start again).

    Dsp     Displays the current STORE Set and its identification Number
            1 to 10. This is a Toggle Switch and a second click will
            remove the STORE display.

    \/ /\   Stores Set ...
            These arrow symbols, if clicked, will roll the Stores Sets
            DOWN or UP through Set 1 to Set 10  displaying values in the
            current displayed Set. (S0 to S9).
            The current displayed Set, then becomes the active Set.
            e.g. if Set 7 is displayed and a value is transferred from the
            X Register using StS into S3, then this value remains in
            Stores Set 7, Store number S3 throughout subsequent other
            Store Set operations (or until the value in Set 7, Store 3 is
            changed).


            If you wish to identify the original function which occurred
            just prior to transferring the value which appears opposite
            any Store in current Stores Set display, click on the
            particular Store number e.g. S3.
            The color of the number in the selected Store will change from
            white to red to show that you have selected the correct Store,
            and the last associated "prior" function will be displayed in
            the Comment Box.
            A second click will remove the color identification and the
            comment.

    <undo>  If a function on a number has just been carried out on the
            original value in the INPUT DISPLAY BOX and the X Register,
            the operation can be undone by clicking on the Left arrow <
            undo. (If it hasn't yet been carried out correct the number
            with BSp or C1X).

            When "special" numbers are used such as for RdX (Rounding)
            or Fib they are displayed in the Comment Box while being
            constructed.
            To correct a special number whilst it is being constructed do
            NOT use BSp, use the Right arrow undo > to strip last digits.
            If the special number has already been "completed" and you
            have clicked on ENT (e.g. for a STORE Arithmetic operation),
            and you wish to correct or change the special number, clicking
            on Right arrow undo > will enable you to undo and start again.




    HEXADECIMAL Number Input
    ------------------------
    Clicking on the Hex Key provides and displays equivalent X Integer -
    number Hex numbers.
    However, to input a number in Hex form (whether or not Hex conversion
    and display is on), before constructing the Hex number, the letter H
    MUST be pressed on the computer keyboard. Tis will appear to be
    ignored in the displays, but the calculator knows that you are
    entering a Hex number and will treat it accordingly.
    Of course the A to F components of the Hex number must be pressed on
    the Computer keyboard, but the digits can either keyboard or screen
    key generated.
    If you forget to press H and attempt to use an A to F key as a Hex
    number component you will be reminded in the Comment Box to press H
    before a Hex number! If you think you are entering a Hex number which
    is all digits, and you have forgotten to press H first, it will be
    treated as a decimal number. (Your fault, not the Calculator's).

    Each time you wish to enter a Hex number it must be individually
    preceded with H.

    All calculations and functions can combine a mixture of numbers input
    in Hex or Decimal form.
    (If the Hex display is on, the results are of course given in both
    forms, but remember that a Hex equivalent only represents the Integer
    of the X decimal number).



    OCTAL Number Input
    ------------------
    The precedure in similar to that for inputting Hex numbers, except
    that the letter O must be pressed on the computer keyboard, before
    constructing the Octal number (either from the screen key numbers or
    the computer keyboard).


    BINARY Number Input
    -------------------
    The procedure is similar to that for inputting Hex numbers, except
    that the letter Z (mainly because its probably the last thing you
    would probably want to do) must be pressed on the Computer keyboard,
    before constructing the Binary number from ones and zeros (either from
    the screen key numbers or the computer keyboard).


    DEGREES / RADIANS MODE
    ----------------------
    The Deg or Rad Box provides a Toggle switch to change future
    operations, when angles must be expressed in the current mode.
    However it will not change previous Angle values if they have been
    saved in Registers or Stores in a different mode so either REMEMBER!
    or DON'T MIX! during any one exercise involving Angles.



                       END OF CALC.MANUAL